BrokenChurch

Sea Lettuce

2005-11-18T01:05:00.000-08:00

(Ulva), any member of a genus of green algae usually found growing between high and low tide marks on rocky shores of seas and oceans. Fragments may be washed ashore by wave action. Ulva grows also in brackish water rich in organic matter or sewage. The thallus, which somewhat resembles a lettuce leaf, is a sheet of cells up to 30 cm (12 inches) long and two cells thick

R.e.m.

2005-10-15T21:10:00.000-07:00

Robert Christgau, Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s (1990), provides provocative discussions of R.E.M.'s albums from Chronic Town (“every so often a chaotic undertow suggests there's more to their romanticism than Spanish moss”) to Green. Christgau struggles with the lack of literary specificity in the band's lyrics, promotes some understanding of their Southern origins, slightly underrates Fables of the Reconstruction while noting that the album “clinches it: their formal frame of reference is folk-rock,” and uses the crucial word to explain R.E.M.'s appeal for a certain sort of rock-based fan and commentator: “reassuring.” Patricia Romanowski, Holly George-Warren, and Jon Pareles (eds.), The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll, revised and updated ed. (1995), pp. 826–827, presents a focused and informed narrative of the band's formation, development, and recording history through the Monster album. Mike Mills, “Our Town,” in Clinton Heylin (ed.), The Penguin Book of Rock & Roll Writing (1992), pp. 401–408, is an essay about Athens written in 1985 by R.E.M.'s bassist. The first sentence—“When you mention ‘the Athens scene' to anyone who's been here for four or five years, they get weird”—accurately establishes both the tone and ambition of the piece.

Cloudberry

2005-07-28T18:50:00.000-07:00

Eskimos

Sarasin, Jean-françois

2005-07-24T13:30:00.000-07:00

Sarasin undertook classical studies, and in 1648 he entered the household of Armand I de Bourbon,

Poynings, Sir Edward

2005-07-07T16:15:00.000-07:00

A grandson of William Paston, he was a rebel (1483) against Richard III and attached himself to Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, who employed

Lead-210 Dating

2005-07-05T20:20:00.000-07:00

Method of age determination that makes use of the ratio of the radioactive lead isotope lead-210 to the stable isotope lead-206. The method has been applied to the ores of uranium. In the series of unstable products from the radioactive decay of uranium-238, lead-210 results from the decay of radon-222 and is a precursor of the stable isotope lead-206. Lead-210 dating is particularly useful for

Abu Rishah, 'umar

2005-06-28T20:45:00.000-07:00

Abu Rishah attended the University of Damascus in Syria, the American University in Beirut, Lebanon, and the University of Manchester, England. He was an early contributor to the influential Egyptian literary

Eclecticism

2005-06-15T14:00:00.000-07:00

(from Greek eklektikos, “selective”), in philosophy and theology, the practice of selecting doctrines from different systems of thought without adopting the whole parent system for each doctrine. It is distinct from syncretism—the attempt to reconcile or combine systems—inasmuch as it leaves the contradictions between them unresolved. In the sphere of abstract

Kaahumanu

2005-06-02T22:25:00.000-07:00

Kaahumanu was of distinguished parentage, her mother having been married to the late king of Maui. Early in life she was betrothed to Kamehameha I, whom her father had served as counselor. They married and had a stormy but enduring relationship. She supported

Progressive Party

2005-05-31T17:15:00.000-07:00

(1924), in the United States, a short-lived independent political party assembled for the 1924 presidential election by forces dissatisfied with the conservative attitudes and programs of the Democrats and Republicans. The Progressive Party included liberals, agrarians, Republican progressives, socialists, and labour representatives. It chose as its presidential candidate Senator Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin, who in 1911 had organized what became an independent party formally called the Progressive but generally known as the Bull Moose Party (q.v.). The 1924 Progressives pledged a “housecleaning” of executive departments, public control of natural resources, public ownership of railways, and tax reduction. The party polled only some 17 percent of the popular vote and did not influence the election, in which President Calvin Coolidge and the Republicans won a majority. The Progressive Party dissolved when La Follette died the following year.

Arab Fund For Economic And Social Development

2005-05-17T08:15:00.000-07:00

By financing development projects, the fund encourages investment of public and private capital in Arab economies. It grants loans on easy terms to

Grafton

2005-05-15T05:50:00.000-07:00

City and port, northeastern New South Wales, Australia, 42 mi (68 km) from the mouth of the Clarence River (and its Pacific outport of Yamba), in the North Coast district. The site was first settled in 1838 when the area was exploited by cedar getters. The city was proclaimed in 1885 and increased in size in 1956 by merging the municipalities of Grafton and South Grafton (both named after the Duke

Dowden, Edward

2005-03-15T13:03:00.000-08:00

Educated at Queen's College, Cork, and Trinity College, Dublin, Dowden became professor of English literature at Trinity in 1867 and lectured at Oxford (1890 - 93) and Cambridge (1893 - 96). His Shakspere: A Critical Study of His Mind and Art (1875) was the first book in English to attempt

Cacomistle

2005-03-14T15:18:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Cacomixl� (Bassariscus), either of two species of large-eyed, long-tailed carnivores related to the raccoon (family Procyonidae). Cacomistles are grayish brown with lighter underparts and white patches over their eyes. The total length is about 60 - 100 cm (24 - 40 inches), about half of which is the bushy, black-and-white-ringed tail. The animals weigh about 1 kg (2.2 pounds) and have small faces with long

Deville, �douard Gaston (daniel)

2005-03-12T11:38:00.000-08:00

Deville served in the French navy, conducting hydrographic surveys in the South Sea islands, Peru, and elsewhere until 1874. He then went to Canada, where he

Settle

2005-03-10T20:14:00.000-08:00

Long wooden bench with backrest and arms, designed to seat several people. Originating in Europe in the 10th century, it was apparently derived from the chest, a resemblance often retained, with additional elements based on the monastic choir stall. It could be used for a variety of purposes: as a seat, a bed, a chest, and, in examples with a hinged backrest that can be turned

Kuei-lin

2005-03-09T13:01:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Kweilin�, formerly �Lin-kuei�, Pinyin �Guilin�, or �Lingui� large city in northeastern Kwangsi Chuang autonomous ch'� (region), China. It stands on the west bank of the Kuei River, which is a tributary of the Hsi. The natural route centre of the Kuei River basin, Kuei-lin lies along the easiest of all the routes leading from central China to Kwangtung province - that between the headwaters of the Hsiang River in Hunan province and

'abdullah I

2005-03-07T06:05:00.000-08:00

'Abdullah, the second son of Husayn ibn 'Ali, the ruler of the Hejaz, was educated in Istanbul in what was then the Ottoman Empire. After the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, he represented Mecca in the Ottoman parliament. Early in 1914 he joined the Arab nationalist movement, which sought independence

Termite

2005-03-06T16:05:00.000-08:00

Any of the cellulose-eating social insects that constitute the order Isoptera. Although they are referred to popularly as white ants, they are not closely related to ants, which are grouped with bees and wasps in a higher order of insects, the Hymenoptera. The social system of termites shows remarkable parallels with those of the Hymenoptera,

Sogn Fjord

2005-03-05T21:23:00.000-08:00

Fjord, Sogn og Fjordane fylke (county), western Norway. It is the longest and deepest fjord in Norway, and its mouth is located 45 miles (72 km) north of Bergen. Its length, from Solund on the offshore island of Sula in the North Sea to Skjolden, at the head of its longest branch, Lustra Fjord, is 127 miles (204 km). The fjord's maximum depth is 4,291 feet (1,308 m), and its main axis is east-west. Its narrow, deep tributary

Gaelic Revival

2005-03-04T20:19:00.000-08:00

Resurgence of interest in Irish language, literature, history, and folklore inspired by the growing Irish nationalism of the early 19th century. By that time Gaelic had died out as a spoken tongue except in isolated rural areas; English had become the official and literary language of Ireland. The discovery by philologists of how to read Old Irish (written prior to 900) and

Papaveraceae

2005-03-03T17:10:00.000-08:00

All species in the family have bisexual, regular,

Baracaldo

2005-03-02T17:00:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Barakaldo, � industrial municipality, northern Biscay (Vizcaya) provincia, in the autonomous Basque Country, northeastern Spain. It lies on the south bank of the Nervi�n River. Baracaldo consists of the Bilbao suburbs of El Regato, San Vicente de Baracaldo, Ir�uregui, and Alons�tegui. It is the terminus of a mining railway; the locality's primary economic activities include iron

'aflaq, Michel

2005-03-01T05:33:00.000-08:00

'Aflaq first saw nationalism as centring upon the issue of imperialism; he especially resented the French, who after World War I (1914 - 18) held a mandate over Syria and Lebanon. In 1929 - 34, however, he studied at the University

Th��tre-libre

2005-02-28T07:37:00.000-08:00

(French: Free Theatre), independent, private theatre founded in Paris in 1887 by Andr� Antoine, which became the proving ground for the new naturalistic drama. Antoine, an amateur actor, was influenced by the naturalistic novels of �mile Zola and by the theatrical realism of the Meiningen Company. Antoine believed that environment shaped character and behaviour, and he

Death Rite, Rites and customs among secular materialists

2005-02-27T05:45:00.000-08:00

It is significant, however, that, even where secularist principles are consciously professed, the dead are rarely disposed of without some semblance of ceremony. A deeply rooted feeling prompts most people to treat a dead human body with a respect that is not felt for a dead animal. It is significant that Communists make pilgrimages to the graves of Lenin and Marx;

Arden, John

2005-02-26T06:39:00.000-08:00

Arden grew up in the industrial town of Barnsley, the character of which he captured in his play The Workhouse

Wied-neuwied, Maximilian, Prinz (prince) Zu

2005-02-25T10:18:00.000-08:00

Maximilian was the prince of the small state of Neuwied and served in the Prussian army. He undertook explorations in Brazil in

Narayanan, Kocheril Raman

2005-02-24T10:47:00.000-08:00

Despite his family's poverty and social status, Narayanan's intellect won him a government-sponsored scholarship. After graduating

Awka

2005-02-23T10:21:00.000-08:00

Town and capital of Anambra state, southern Nigeria. The town lies along roads leading from Owerri, Umuahia, Onitsha, and Enugu. Formerly covered with tropical forest, the area around Awka now mostly consists of wooded grassland. South of the town on the slopes of the Awka-Orlu Uplands are some examples of soil erosion and gullying. Awka is the traditional home of the

Steeple Cup

2005-02-21T23:53:00.000-08:00

Tall standing cup, the cover of which characteristically bears an obelisk finial (sometimes surmounted by a figure) that rises on scrolled brackets from the cover. With an egg-shaped or globular bowl and cover, a short baluster stem, and a tall, trumpet-shaped foot, these cups seem to have emerged only in England and for a short period between about 1590 and the 1630s. They were usually

Tarapac�

2005-02-20T18:44:00.000-08:00

Northernmost region, Chile, bordering Peru and Bolivia on the north and east and fronting the Pacific Ocean on the west. Tarapac� was ceded to Chile by Peru after the War of the Pacific (1879 - 83) and was organized as a province (area 22,820 sq mi [59,104 sq km]) in 1884, and as a region in 1974. It is divided into the provinces of Arica, Parinacota, and Iquique. Part of the Atacama Desert, it is without water except

Str�lsund Faience

2005-02-19T10:59:00.000-08:00

Tin-glazed earthenware made at Str�lsund, Swed. (now Stralsund, Ger.), from around 1755 to 1792. The factory was founded by Johann Ulrich Giese, who leased it to Johann Eberhard Ludwig Ehrenreich. The latter had founded a faience factory at Marieberg in Sweden, and the products of Str�lsund differ little from Marieberg ware. All-white vases, decorated with naturalistic flowers

Cultured Pearl

2005-02-18T08:17:00.000-08:00

Natural but cultivated pearl produced by a mollusk after the intentional introduction of a foreign object inside the creature's shell. The discovery that such pearls could be cultivated in freshwater mussels is said to have been made in 13th-century China, and the Chinese have been adept for hundreds of years at cultivating pearls by opening the mussel's shell and

Allais, Maurice

2005-02-17T17:06:00.000-08:00

Allais studied economics at the �cole Polytechnique (Polytechnic School) and then at the �cole Nationale Sup�rieure des Mines de Paris (National School of

Raabe, Wilhelm

2005-02-16T09:53:00.000-08:00

After leaving school in Wolfenb�ttel in 1849, Raabe was apprenticed for four years to a Magdeburg book dealer, during which time he read widely. Although he attended lectures at Berlin University, the important product of his time

Earth, Formation of igneous rocks

2005-02-15T21:13:00.000-08:00

Igneous

Constance, Council Of

2005-02-14T23:04:00.000-08:00

(1414 - 18), 16th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church. Following the election of two rival popes (Gregory XII in Rome and Benedict XIII in Avignon) in 1378 and the attempt at the Council of Pisa in 1409 to resolve the Western Schism by the election of a new pope, the church found itself with three popes instead of one. Under pressure from the Holy Roman emperor Sigismund, John

Saxony

2005-02-13T02:14:00.000-08:00

German �Sachsen, � Land (state), eastern Germany. Saxony Land was re-created in the process of the reunification of East with West Germany in 1990 from the former East German Bezirke (districts) of Dresden, Chemnitz (formerly Karl-Marx-Stadt), and most of Leipzig, along with a small part of Cottbus Bezirk. The East German Bezirke had themselves been created in 1952 from historic Saxony. The current territory

Malcolm I

2005-02-12T17:06:00.000-08:00

Malcolm succeeded to the crown when his cousin Constantine II entered a monastery (943). He annexed Moray to the kingdom for the first time. After driving the Danes from York, the English king Edmund turned Cumbria over to Malcolm, apparently as a fief or seal of alliance. Later, when Norsemen again invaded the land, the Scots sent raids against

Mosaic Rhyme

2005-02-10T04:13:00.000-08:00

A type of multiple rhyme in which a single multisyllabic word is made to rhyme with two or more words, as in the end rhymes of the following two lines from W.S. Gilbert's song �The Modern Major-General�: About binomial theorem I'm teeming with a lot o' news, With interesting facts about the square of the hypotenuse.

Traill, Catherine Parr

2005-02-08T21:50:00.000-08:00

Traill, a writer of children's books in England, emigrated to the wilderness of Upper Canada (now Ontario) in 1832 with her husband and her sister, the writer Susanna Strickland Moodie.

Los Angeles

2005-02-07T10:04:00.000-08:00

Formerly �Los Anjeles, � capital of B�o-B�o provincia, B�o-B�o regi�n, south-central Chile. It is located on a tributary of the B�o-B�o River in the southern part of the Central Valley. Founded in 1739 and elevated to city status in 1852, Los Angeles was swept by fire in 1820, has suffered earthquake damage repeatedly, and was destroyed several times in the long struggle with the Araucanian Indians. It is now an

Gharda�

2005-02-06T19:53:00.000-08:00

Chief town of the M'zab (q.v.) Oasis, north-central Algeria. It lies along the left bank of the Oued (wadi) Mzab in the northern Sahara (Desert). Founded in the 11th century, it was built around the cave (ghar) reputedly inhabited by the female saint Da�a (the cave is still venerated by M'zabite women). Gharda�a is a fortified town with white and red clay houses that rise in terraces and

Cabinet

2005-02-05T20:51:00.000-08:00

Washington's habit of calling regular and frequent cabinet meetings began a tradition that has been followed by every succeeding president. But it is important to remember that the cabinet exists solely to help the president carry out his functions as the nation's chief executive. He is virtually free to use it or not to use it as he pleases. Presidents have thus varied greatly in their use of the cabinet. Ordinarily, all members of a cabinet are of the same political party. Attendance at U.S. cabinet meetings is not restricted exclusively to those department heads that are of cabinet rank. Cabinet appointments are for the duration of the administration, but the president may dismiss any member at his own pleasure, without approval of the Senate.

Hiller, Lejaren

2005-02-04T09:58:00.000-08:00

U.S. composer (b. Feb. 23, 1924, New York City--d. Jan. 26, 1994, Buffalo, N.Y.), was a pioneer in computer music. From childhood Hiller was interested in both science and music, and he pursued a dual career for much of his life. He graduated from Princeton University with degrees in chemistry (Ph.D., 1947) but also studied composition with Roger Sessions and Milton Babbitt. After a five-year stint as a research

Argentina, Climate

2005-02-03T07:14:00.000-08:00

Argentina lies almost entirely within the temperate zone of the Southern Hemisphere, unlike the rest of the continent to the north, which lies within the tropics. Tropical air masses only occasionally invade the provinces of Formosa and Misiones in the extreme north. The southern extremes of Argentina, which extend to 55� S, also have predominantly temperate conditions,

Dingelstedt, Franz Ferdinand, Freiherr Von (count Of)

2005-02-02T01:42:00.000-08:00

A member of the liberal Young Germany movement, Dingelstedt wrote political satires against the German princes, notably Die Neuen Argonauten (1839; �The New Argonauts�) and a collection of satirical poems, Lieder eines Kosmopolitischen

Botta, Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo

2005-02-01T00:24:00.000-08:00

Having graduated in medicine at the University of Turin in 1786, Botta was in his youth inspired by the ideas of the French Revolution. Arrested as a spy for the French in 1794, he left Italy for France the following year and from 1796 to 1798 served as a physician

Mindanao

2005-01-31T06:54:00.000-08:00

Biblical Literature, Legislation

2005-01-30T06:07:00.000-08:00

The book of Exodus includes not only the narrative and celebration of God's redemptive action in the Exodus and wanderings and his revealing presence at Mt. Sinai but also a corpus of legislation, both civil and religious, that is ascribed to God and this revelation event. The Covenant Code, or Book of the Covenant, presented in chapters 20 - 23, immediately following the Decalogue

Sosa, Sammy

2005-01-29T18:52:00.000-08:00

As a child, Sosa worked at a number of jobs, including shining shoes, to help support his family following his father's death. At the age

Mauldin, Bill

2005-01-28T11:59:00.000-08:00

After studying cartooning at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts,

Y��ez, Agust�

2005-01-26T00:44:00.000-08:00

Born in a provincial neighbourhood of Guadalajara, Y��ez was enamoured of its traditions and values. As a young man he was a contributor

Sabah

2005-01-25T05:00:00.000-08:00

Region of East Malaysia, forming the northern part of the great island of Borneo, and bordered by Sarawak (southwest) and Kalimantan, or Indonesian Borneo (south). Sabah has an 800 - 900-mile- (1,290 - 1,450-kilometre-) long, heavily indented coastline that is washed by the South China, Sulu, and Celebes seas. It was known as North Borneo during the British colonial period (until 1963). Its 28,425-square-mile (73,620-square-kilometre)

Ma-an-shan

2005-01-24T13:24:00.000-08:00

The region along the southern bank of the Yangtze between Ma-an-shan and T'ung-ling (about

C�diz

2005-01-23T16:21:00.000-08:00

City, capital and principal seaport of C�diz provincia, in the comunidad aut�noma (�autonomous community�) of Andalusia, southwestern Spain, on a long narrow peninsula extending into the Gulf of C�diz (an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean). With a 6- to 7-mile (9.5- to 11-kilometre) circumference, hemmed in by the sea from which it is protected by walls, the city has only one land exit. Traditionally

Waynesboro

2005-01-22T16:38:00.000-08:00

City, administratively independent of, but located in, Augusta county, north-central Virginia, U.S. It lies in the Shenandoah Valley along the South River, near the junction of Skyline Drive and the Blue Ridge Parkway, 28 miles (45 km) west of Charlottesville. The original settlement of Teesville, named for Joseph Tees, an early landowner, was established in 1739, based on a land grant

Dublin, Climate

2005-01-21T03:17:00.000-08:00

With its coastal site on the western seaboard of the Irish Sea, Dublin enjoys a mild climate. The average temperature is lowest in January - February, 42� F (6� C), and highest in July - August, 59� F (15� C). Sunshine averages four hours a day. The mean annual rainfall is 30 - 40 inches (760 - 1,000 millimetres), although the rate is higher in the mountains. The period of maximum rainfall occurs in winter, and there

France, History Of, German reparations

2005-01-20T04:54:00.000-08:00

The general elections of November 1919 resulted in a massive majority for the right-wing coalition called the Bloc

Baltic Religion, Religious personages

2005-01-19T20:10:00.000-08:00

There is no reliable information that the Balts had a priestly class, let alone religious hierarchy. The 11th-century German historian Adam of Bremen, in describing conflicts between Christian missionaries and Latvians, said that �every house is filled with seers, augurers, and necromancers,� which indicates that the Balts had sacral persons, probably the patriarchs

Light Curve

2005-01-18T21:49:00.000-08:00

In astronomy, graph of the changes in brightness with time of a star, particularly of the variable type. The light curves of different kinds of variable stars differ in the degree of change in magnitude (i.e., the amount of light flux observed), in the degree of regularity from one cycle to the next, and in the length of the cycle - i.e., the period. Variations in magnitude range

Ramakrishna

2005-01-17T21:21:00.000-08:00

From a poor Brahmin (the highest-ranking caste) family, Ramakrishna had little formal schooling. He spoke Bengali and knew neither English nor Sanskrit. His father

Floral Decoration

2005-01-16T07:18:00.000-08:00

Liberty Hyde Bailey and Ethel Zoe Bailey (comps.), Hortus Second: A Concise Dictionary of Gardening, General Horticulture and Cultivated Plants in North America (1941), basic for nomenclature; Victor Loret, La Flore pharaonique d'apres les documents hieroglyphiques et les specimens decouverts dans les tombes, 2nd ed. (1892), includes information concerning wreaths and garlands; Charles Victor Daremberg and E. Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquites Grecques et Romaines d'apres les textes et les monuments, vol. l, pt. 2 (1877), lists flowers grown and ornamental uses (under �Corona� and �Coronarius et Coronaria�); John Gerard, The Herball (1597), descriptions and contemporary wood engravings of English garden flowers; John Parkinson, Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris (1629), descriptions and usage of flowers in 17th-century England; P. Giovanni Battista Ferrari, Flora ouero cultura di fiori (1633), on the culture and care of cut flowers, including how to preserve, arrange, and ship them, with interesting illustrations; Philip Miller, The Gardeners Dictionary, 2 vol. (1735), an important and popular 18th-century work, with full descriptions of garden flowers and illustrations; Helen Gere Cruickshann (ed.), John and William Bartram's America (1957), contains information about new plant discoveries and exchanges of garden material between America and England in the 18th century; Godey's Lady's Book (1830 - 98), almost monthly advice in the editorial pages about gardening or arranging flowers; J. Ramsbottom, A Book of Roses (1939), information about old-fashioned roses; Ralph G. Warner, Dutch and Flemish Flower and Fruit Painters of the 17th and 18th Centuries (1928), profusely illustrated; Julia S. Berrall, A History of Flower Arrangement, rev. ed. (1968), on all styles and periods, including original source lists of plant materials and many illustrations; Margaret Fairbanks Marcus, Period Flower Arrangement (1952), emphasis on art; Josiah Conder, The Theory of Japanese Flower Arrangements (1935), reprint of an original paper read by the author in 1889 to the Asiatic Society of Japan, to which have been added 36 colour plates of Ikenobo and moribana arrangements; Alfred Koehn, The Art of Japanese Flower Arrangement (Ikebana): A Handbook for Beginners (1934), with actual photographs instead of paintings; Donald Richie and Meredith Weatherby (eds.), The Masters' Book of Japanese Flower Arrangement: With Lessons by the Masters of Japan's Three Foremost Schools: Sen'ei Ikenobo, Houn Ohara, Sofu Teshigahara (1966), contains an excellent historic section illustrated from the arts and photographs in colour and black and white contemporary expressions; Shozo Soto, The Art of Arranging Flowers (1966), on all aspects of Japanese flower arranging, with excellent colour and black and white illustrations throughout. Later works include Gertrude Jekyll, Flower Decoration in the House (1982), and Colour Schemes for the Flower Garden, 8th ed. (1982); Emma Wood and Jane Merer, Flower Crafts (1982); Marian Aaronson, Flowers in the Modern Manner (1981); Tokuji Furuta, Interior Landscaping (1983); Interior Plantscape Association (U.S.), Manual of Practice (1980); Mary Adams, Natural Flower Arranging (1981); Edith Black, Modern Flower Arranging (1982).

Habib, Philip Charles

2005-01-15T11:24:00.000-08:00

Habib, the son of a Lebanese grocer, was raised in a Jewish section of Brooklyn. He graduated from the University of Idaho (1942) and was studying for his doctorate in agricultural

Dress, Ancient Greece

2005-01-14T20:51:00.000-08:00

The long period of Greek culture is customarily classified into three segments. Up to about 500 BC is described as the Archaic period. This was the time when the several different civilizations of mainland and island Greece, Anatolia, and North Africa coexisted, the arts and costume of each influencing the others. The Dorians had invaded the Minoan kingdoms in Crete and

World War I, Greek affairs

2005-01-13T04:22:00.000-08:00

Greece's attitude toward the war was long uncertain: whereas King Constantine I and the general staff stood for neutrality, Eleuth�rios Veniz�los, leader of the Liberal Party, favoured the Allied cause. As prime minister from 1910, Veniz�los wanted Greece to participate in the Allies' Dardanelles enterprise against Turkey in 1915, but his arguments were overruled by the

O'brien, William

2005-01-12T07:51:00.000-08:00

Irish journalist and politician who was for several years second only to Charles Stewart Parnell (1846 - 91) among Irish Nationalist leaders. He was perhaps most important for his �plan of campaign� (1886), by which Irish tenant farmers would withhold all rent payments from landlords who refused to lower their rents and would pay the money

Fabliau

2005-01-11T03:00:00.000-08:00

About 150 fabliaux are extant. Many of them are based on elementary jokes or puns - such as one called Estula,

Ganapatya

2005-01-10T17:45:00.000-08:00

Member of an esoteric Hindu sect devoted to the worship of the elephant-headed Ganesa (also called Ganapati) as the supreme deity. The sect was at its height in about the 10th century and helped to establish Ganesa as an important minor deity to be propitiated at the beginning of all important undertakings and religious ceremonies. The sect erected temples dedicated to

Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert

2005-01-09T08:00:00.000-08:00

In 1845 Kirchhoff first announced Kirchhoff's

Fable, Parable, And Allegory, Beast epic

2005-01-08T01:20:00.000-08:00

In the Middle Ages, along with every other type of allegory, fable flourished. Toward the end of the 12th century, Marie de France made a collection of over 100 tales, mingling beast fables with stories of Greek and Roman worthies. In another compilation, Christine de Pisan's Oth�a manuscript illuminations provide keys to the interpretation of the stories and support the

Zakopane

2005-01-07T20:20:00.000-08:00

City, Nowy Sacz wojew�dztwo (province), south-central Poland. The city is situated in the Carpathian Mountains near the Slovakian border. Its location at the foot of the Alpine-like Tatras Mountains makes it a major winter-sports and health-resort centre. Situated on good rail and highway routes, Zakopane also serves as the cultural centre for the area. The Chalubinski

Alden, John; And Alden, Priscilla

2005-01-06T03:02:00.000-08:00

John Alden was hired as a cooper by the London merchants who financed the expedition to the New World. Priscilla Mullins went to America with her parents and

Janissary Music

2005-01-05T02:24:00.000-08:00

Characteristic of Janissary music is its use of a great variety

Shahjahanpur

2005-01-03T03:19:00.000-08:00

Town, north-central, Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies southeast of Bareilly, on the Deotta River, about 100 miles (160 km) northwest of Lucknow. The town was founded in 1647 and named for the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. It is a road and rail junction and an agricultural trade centre. Its industries include carpet weaving, distilling, sugar milling, and chemical

Nitti, Francesco Saverio

2005-01-02T05:45:00.000-08:00

After a career as a journalist and professor of economics, Nitti was elected deputy in 1904. A Left Liberal, he served as minister of agriculture, industry, and commerce in 1911 - 14 and as minister of the treasury in 1917 - 19. He succeeded Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, the wartime prime minister,

G.m.

2005-01-01T19:13:00.000-08:00

Recipient of the George Medal, a British decoration for valour. See George Cross.

Metachromatic Leukodystrophy

2004-12-31T01:47:00.000-08:00

Rare inherited metabolic disease in which the lack of a key enzyme causes loss of the protective myelin sheath from the white matter of the brain, resulting in psychological disturbances, mental deterioration, and sensory and motor defects. The absence of the enzyme cerebroside sulfatase (arylsulfatase A) allows certain specialized lipids (sphingolipids) to

'amr Ibn Kulthum

2004-12-30T01:22:00.000-08:00

'Amr ibn Kulthum lived to a very advanced age, highly respected

Xenarthran

2004-12-29T16:26:00.000-08:00

Alfred L. Gardner, �Order Xenarthra,� in Don E. Wilson and DeeAnn M. Reeder (eds.), Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (1993), pp. 63 - 68, provides lists of the families, genera, and species of the Xenarthra; the author is a wildlife biologist and curator of mammals at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History. Gerald G. Montgomery (ed.), The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas (1985), compiles 43 well-illustrated scholarly reports on all aspects of xenarthran biology, including pathology and parasitology.

Brunei

2004-12-28T04:36:00.000-08:00

Officially �State of Brunei, Abode of Peace, �Malay �Negara Brunei Darussalam, � independent Islamic sultanate on the northern coast of the island of Borneo. It has an area of 2,226 square miles (5,765 square kilometres) and is bounded to the north by the South China Sea and on all other sides by the East Malaysian state of Sarawak, which also divides the state into two enclaves of unequal size. The western enclave is the larger of the two and contains the capital

Race, Scientific classifications of race

2004-12-27T14:48:00.000-08:00

In publications issued from 1735 to 1759, Linnaeus classified all of the then-known animal forms. He included humans with the primates and established the use of both genus and species terms for identification of all animals. For the human species, he introduced the still-current scientific name Homo sapiens. He listed four major subdivisions of this species, H.

Afghanistan

2004-12-26T02:24:00.000-08:00

Landlocked, multiethnic country located in the heart of south-central Asia. Lying along important trade routes connecting southern and eastern Asia to Europe and the Middle East, Afghanistan has long been a prize sought by empire builders, and for millennia great armies have attempted to subdue it, leaving traces of their efforts in great monuments now fallen

Ib�rruri (g�mez), (isidora) Dolores

2004-12-25T15:06:00.000-08:00

Born the eighth of 11 children of a Viscayan miner, Ib�rruri was compelled by poverty to quit school at age 15 to work as a seamstress and later as a

Ouv�a Island

2004-12-24T13:13:00.000-08:00

French ��le Uv�a�, also called �Urea� or �Uea � northernmost of the Loyalty Islands, an island group within the French overseas territory of New Caledonia, southwestern Pacific Ocean. Ouv�a is a crescent-shaped atoll, 30 miles (50 km) long and 4.5 miles (7 km) wide, with a total area of 51 square miles (132 square km). The most fertile of the group, it is wooded and exports copra. Faiau� (Fayaou�), on the southeast coast, is the chief village and

Ady, Endre

2004-12-23T00:52:00.000-08:00

Ady was born into an impoverished but noble family. On leaving school he studied law for a time, but in 1899 he published an insignificant volume of verse, Versek, and from 1900 until his death he worked as a journalist. In 1903 he published another volume of poetry,

Berdyayev, Nikolay Aleksandrovich

2004-12-22T08:47:00.000-08:00

During his student days at Kiev

Forel, Fran�ois-alphonse

2004-12-21T19:17:00.000-08:00

While lecturing in physiology and anatomy at the University of Lausanne, Switz., Forel began his investigations of lakes, notably Lake Geneva, and he published his findings in Le L�man: Monographie limnologique, 3 vol. (1892 - 1904). His standard work on limnology, Handbuch der

Roberts, Bartholomew

2004-12-20T16:14:00.000-08:00

Byname �Black Barty � pirate captain of a succession of ships - the �Royal Rover,� �Fortune,� �Royal Fortune,� and �Good Fortune� - who burned and plundered ships from the coasts of West Africa to the coasts of Brazil and the Caribbean and as far north as Newfoundland. His conquests are said to have included more than 400 vessels and, in terms of sheer

Latin America, History Of, Trunk lines

2004-12-19T06:18:00.000-08:00

Not only were the central areas different from the fringes in early Latin America, but important distinctions existed within the central areas themselves. In some ways the centre was more a line than a region - that is, a line from Atlantic port to capital to mines, along which European people and products flowed in and silver flowed out. For Mexico, the line went from

Mocha

2004-12-18T06:27:00.000-08:00

Arabic �Al-mukha, �also spelled �Mokha, or Mukha, � town, southwestern Yemen, on the Red Sea and the Tihamah (coastal plain). Yemen's most renowned historic port, it lies at the head of a shallow bay between two headlands, with an unprotected anchorage 1.5 miles (2.5 km) offshore. It was long famous as Arabia's chief coffee-exporting centre; the term mocha and variations of the word have entered European languages as a synonym for the

Aquino

2004-12-17T06:01:00.000-08:00

Ancient (Latin) �Aquinum� town, Frosinone provincia, Lazio regione, south-central Italy, southeast of Frosinone city. The ancient town (the site of which is nearby) prospered from its position on the Roman road, Via Latina, until it was laid waste by Totila, a Gothic king, in the mid-6th century and abandoned for the more fertile present site. During the feudal struggles Riccardo, count of Acerra and

Beneden, Edouard (joseph Louis-marie) Van

2004-12-16T19:17:00.000-08:00

During his early years, van Beneden worked with his father, P.J. van Beneden, a professor of zoology at the Catholic University in Louvain, who was noted for his studies on protozoans,

Uvalde

2004-12-15T18:52:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1856) of Uvalde county, southwestern Texas, U.S. It lies along the Leona River, some 85 miles (135 km) west-southwest of San Antonio. Fort Inge was built (1849) on the Leona's east bank, and the site was settled in 1852 by W.W. Arnett, who was joined in 1853 by Reading W. Black and H.L. Stratton. Black opened a trading post (1855) and called the community Encina. The city was renamed Uvalde in 1856, when it was incorporated

Usair Group, Inc.

2004-12-14T23:49:00.000-08:00

Beginning service in 1939 as a mail carrier over the mountainous

Zeus

2004-12-13T17:51:00.000-08:00

According to a Cretan myth that was later adopted by

Biblical Literature, Nature and significance

2004-12-12T19:33:00.000-08:00

Biblical exegesis is the actual interpretation of the sacred book, the bringing out of its meaning; hermeneutics is the study and establishment of the principles by which it is to be interpreted. Where the biblical writings are interpreted on a historical perspective, just as with philological and other ancient documents, there is little call for a special discipline

Garrett, Pat

2004-12-11T08:50:00.000-08:00

Born in Alabama and reared in Louisiana, Garrett left home at about the age of 17 and headed for Texas and the life of a cowboy and buffalo hunter. In 1879 he married and settled in Lincoln County, N.M., where he became first deputy sheriff and then sheriff. In July 1881 he tracked

Locri Epizephyrii

2004-12-10T22:45:00.000-08:00

Also called �Locri� ancient city on the eastern side of the �toe� of Italy, founded by Greeks c. 680 BC; the inhabitants used the name of Locri Epizephyrii to distinguish themselves from the Locri of Greece. Locri Epizephyrii was the first Greek community to have a written code of laws, given by Zaleucus c. 660 BC. Locri Epizephyrii founded colonies, repelled the attacks of Croton during the 6th century,